What I’m saying is that also LLMs grew organically. Machine learning developed organically through the years and LLMs are one of the products of such development.

Machine learning algorithms were absolutely desired and wanted, hundreds of thousands of people worked on developing them. It is a very useful technology. If I may list one very useful development: AlphaFold, for which the 2024 Nobel prize was adjudicated.

Now, whether LLMs are useful in chemistry and biology: kind of. Coming up with the design of a bacteriophage is not the first use which would come to my mind. Of course LLMs are being tested for their applications in such domains, but results are in general worse than dedicated models. One area in which I see value is the use of agents in orchestrating tools and analyzing results. Not really in producing new things on their own.

I’m not arguing that colonization after some time stops being colonization.

I’m asking why do you believe Ceuta and Melilla are examples of colonization.

I agree on the right of self determination, for what I know people from Ceuta and Melilla do not want to leave Spain.

Other parts of Spain do and it is a pity they’re not allowed, even though to be fair the Basque county is pretty much as independent as a region of a country could be and Catalunya has plenty autonomy compared to other communities in Spain.

I am not talking about Palestine, and I do not want to lead this conversation towards talking about Palestine, because the facts are significantly different. Spain did not conquer a country without any defences just for territorial expansion and genocide. Please, do not introduce irrelevant topics.

Should indigenous Americans abandon their claims? No, but completely irrelevant to what we’re talking about.

I come from a chemistry background. Chemistry is one of the first field in which machine learning was first applied. In fact many of the first algorithms and models have been developed by chemists.

This has been a gradual adoption throughout the past 50 years.

How is this different from your description of the internet history? If anything, internet was much faster than that: it took less than 50 years from the first computer to the invention of internet.

And I’m not even considering the first developments in machine learning, which happened pretty much as soon as computing machines were invented.

The fact that it happened 400 years ago and that it happened by conquest after centuries of fighting with the opposing country does change things for me.

I am not Spanish and I will fight Spanish people when they say south America was not a colony; but I completely see reason as to why that is not a colony.

Otherwise, most countries except less than about 10 around the world should be considered colonizers since they conquered lands from other countries.

Only European slavery allowed.

https://www.collectiveaidngo.org/blog/2025/2/25/what-is-caporalato-and-how-can-it-affect-people-on-the-move

I did not read the full article since it is paywalled.

But well, nobody asked for the internet either.

I did not say any of those things; and I do not agree with any of those things. Please, refrain from assuming I mean things I did not say.

I am not in any way legitimizing colonialism.

I brought forward my opinion and backed it up with the necessary information. I’m in no ways saying Spain has not been a colonial county, indeed it was.

Could you please explain in detail the reasons as to why you believe Ceuta and Melilla should be considered colonies? I may change my mind.

Yes, do you?

From Wikipedia

A colony is a territory subject to a form of foreign rule

Such definition does not apply because they’re part of Spain. Those places never have been a colony.

https://www.outono.net/elentir/2026/07/31/historical-facts-for-the-uninformed-about-spain-and-the-cities-of-ceuta-and-melilla/

It’s been over 500 years those territories are part of Spain. Moreover, it’s not like we’re talking about a region on the other side of the world, those territories do confine with Spain mainland on the sea.

Melilla however was never colonized: it was conquered in a war.

Indeed peer reviewed exists in mathematics. Now, whether it is common practice to publish stuff on arxiv and leave it there is another thing.

I don’t know about mathematics, but I know plenty other Fields where it is common practice to just publish on arxiv.

Two researchers came to the same solution to a problem. In my books that’s better than peer review.

If you wish, this was indipendently confirmed: the same proof was published by two authors at the same time.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ai-helped-produce-two-proofs-for-the-same-cryptography-problem/

Scientists don’t often publish when they confirm an article is correct. Knowing a few mathematicians, probably they see no need to do that. They checked the proof, it was ok and that’s it.

Either way, many of those proofs come with a computer program which checks and confirms the proof is correct.

I trust that an expert mathematician talking about such things has reviewed a few of those articles and has checked the proof.

You may not do that; check the proof yourself or pay a mathematician to do it for you.

Yes, scientific articles are expensive. I know that, that sucks. That’s why most of this stuff is on arxiv.

I linked to evidence that mathematicians are using LLMs to find proofs and publish those proofs. Which is what I said is happening.

https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/221183/can-i-publish-a-novel-theorem-which-was-proven-with-ai-assistance

I am not a mathematician, thus I don’t really know where to find indipendent confirmation or even how that is generally handled by mathematicians. However: there are plenty proofs on arxiv that disclose have been found with LLMs. Some of these proofs relate to famous problems and have been in the news. Fields medal winners discuss the importance of LLMs and how it may produce too many proofs for humans to handle.

I trust that those proofs published on arxiv have been reviewed by many mathematicians, if they were incorrect that would have rapidly become known.

Melilla is however not a colony. It has been Spain for a long time.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-01553-1

https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/education/fields-medalist-terence-tao-warns-ai-could-produce-more-math-proofs-than-humans-can-handle-5102580.html

Articles with proofs have been published, both by AI companies as well as by mathematicians who disclosed the whole development of the proof was done autonomously by LLMs.

They’re running tests 24/7 and there is a single person responsible for that which can be called at any moment?

Shouldn’t be to expensive for Tesla to just hire a couple people more and split work into shifts.

I went through a few of those videos. Could not notice any artifact. If I had to evaluate myself I’d say it is actresses.

Really not easy to say those videos are made by AI.

I can see how this is a big problem. However, having saved a man some time ago from suicide after correctly interpreting a very cryptic message I could see how one such system may be useful if it worked correctly.